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Fuel cell handbook

TOC

1. TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 UNIT CELLS
1.2.1 Basic Structure
1.2.2 Critical Functions of Cell Components
1.3 FUEL CELL STACKING
1.3.1 Planar-Bipolar Stacking
1.3.2 Stacks with Tubular Cells
1.4 FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

1.5 FUEL CELL TYPES
1.5.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC
1.5.2 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC
1.5.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC
1.5.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
1.5.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS
1.7 ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES
1.8 APPLICATIONS, DEMONSTRATIONS, AND STATUS
1.8.1 Stationary Electric Power
1.8.2 Distributed Generation
1.8.3 Vehicle Motive Power
1.8.4 Space and Other Closed Environment Power
1.8.5 Auxiliary Power Systems
1.8.6 Derivative Applications

2. FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE
2.1 THE ROLE OF GIBBS FREE ENERGY AND NERNST POTENTIAL
2.2 IDEAL PERFORMANCE
2.3 CELL ENERGY BALANCE
2.4 CELL EFFICIENCY
2.5 ACTUAL PERFORMANCE
2.6 FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE VARIABLES
2.7 MATHEMATICAL MODELS
2.7.1 Value-in-Use Models
2.7.2 Application Models
2.7.3 Thermodynamic System Models
2.7.4 3-D Cell / Stack Models
2.7.5 1-D Cell Models
2.7.6 Electrode Models

3. POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS
3.1 CELL COMPONENTS
3.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components
3.1.2 Component Development
3.2 PERFORMANCE

3.3 PEFC SYSTEMS
3.3.1 Direct Hydrogen PEFC Systems
3.3.2 Reformer-Based PEFC Systems
3.3.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Systems
3.4 PEFC APPLICATIONS
3.4.1 Transportation Applications
3.4.2 Stationary Applications

4. ALKALINE FUEL CELL
4.1 CELL COMPONENTS
4.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components
4.1.2 Development Components
4.2 PERFORMANCE
4.2.1 Effect of Pressure
4.2.2 Effect of Temperature
4.2.3 Effect of Impurities
4.2.4 Effects of Current Density
4.2.5 Effects of Cell Life
4.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR AFC
5. PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL
5.1 CELL COMPONENTS
5.1.1 State-of-the-Art Components
5.1.2 Development Components
5.2 PERFORMANCE
5.2.1 Effect of Pressure
5.2.2 Effect of Temperature
5.2.3 Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization
5.2.4 Effect of Impurities
5.2.5 Effects of Current Density
5.2.6 Effects of Cell Life
5.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR PAFC

6. MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELL
6.1 CELL COMPONENTS
6.1.1 State-of-the-Art Componments
6.1.2 Development Components
6.2 PERFORMANCE
6.2.1 Effect of Pressure
6.2.2 Effect of Temperature
6.2.3 Effect of Reactant Gas Composition and Utilization
6.2.4 Effect of Impurities
6.2.5 Effects of Current Density
6.2.6 Effects of Cell Life
6.2.7 Internal Reforming
6.3 SUMMARY OF EQUATIONS FOR MCFC

7. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS
7.1 CELL COMPONENTS
7.1.1 Electrolyte Materials
7.1.2 Anode Materials
7.1.3 Cathode Materials
7.1.4 Interconnect Materials
7.1.5 Seal Materials
7.2 CELL AND STACK DESIGNS
7.2.1 Tubular SOFC
7.2.1.1 Performance
7.2.2 Planar SOFC
7.2.2.1 Single Cell Performance
7.2.2.2 Stack Performance
7.2.3 Stack Scale-Up
7.3 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

8. FUEL CELL SYSTEMS
8.1 SYSTEM PROCESSES
8.1.1 Fuel Processing
8.2 POWER CONDITIONING
8.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Power Conditioning Systems
8.2.2 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Dedicated Load [2,3,4
8.2.3 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying Backup Power to a Load
Connected to a Local Utility
8.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Supplying a Load Operating in Parallel
With the Local Utility (Utility Interactive)
8.2.5 Fuel Cell Power Conversion for Connecting Directly to the Local Utility
8.2.6 Power Conditioners for Automotive Fuel Cells
8.2.7 Power Conversion Architecture for a Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrid Interfaced With a Local Utility
8.2.8 Fuel Cell Ripple Current
8.2.9 System Issues: Power Conversion Cost and Size
8.3 SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
8.3.1 Pressure
8.3.2 Temperature
8.3.3 Utilization
8.3.4 Heat Recovery
8.3.5 Miscellaneous
8.3.6 Concluding Remarks on System Optimization
8.4 FUEL CELL SYSTEM DESIGNS
8.4.1 Natural Gas Fueled PEFC System
8.4.2 Natural Gas Fueled PAFC System
8.4.3 Natural Gas Fueled Internally Reformed MCFC System
8.4.4 Natural Gas Fueled Pressurized SOFC System
8.4.5 Natural Gas Fueled Multi-Stage Solid State Power Plant System
8.4.6 Coal Fueled SOFC System
8.4.7 Power Generation by Combined Fuel Cell and Gas Turbine System
8.4.8 Heat and Fuel Recovery Cycles

8.5 FUEL CELL NETWORKS
8.5.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Networks: Principles, Analysis and
Performance
8.5.2 MCFC Network
8.5.3 Recycle Scheme
8.5.4 Reactant Conditioning Between Stacks in Series
8.5.5 Higher Total Reactant Utilization
8.5.6 Disadvantages of MCFC Networks
8.5.7 Comparison of Performance
8.5.8 Conclusions
8.6 HYBRIDS
8.6.1 Technology
8.6.2 Projects
8.6.3 World’s First Hybrid Project
8.6.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
8.7 FUEL CELL AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS
8.7.1 System Performance Requirements
8.7.2 Technology Status
8.7.3 System Configuration and Technology Issues
8.7.4 System Cost Considerations
8.7.5 SOFC System Cost Structure
8.7.6 Outlook and Conclusions
9. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
9.1 UNIT OPERATIONS
9.1.1 Fuel Cell Calculations
9.1.2 Fuel Processing Calculations
9.1.3 Power Conditioners
9.1.4 Others
9.2 SYSTEM ISSUES
9.2.1 Efficiency Calculations
9.2.2 Thermodynamic Considerations
9.3 SUPPORTING CALCULATIONS
9.4 COST CALCULATIONS
9.4.1 Cost of Electricity
9.4.2 Capital Cost Development
9.5 COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
9.6 AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

10. APPENDIX
10.1 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS
10.2 CONTAMINANTS FROM COAL GASIFICATION
10.3 SELECTED MAJOR FUEL CELL REFERENCES, 1993 TO PRESENT
10.4 LIST OF SYMBOLS
10.5 FUEL CELL RELATED CODES AND STANDARDS
10.5.1 Introduction
10.5.2 Organizations
10.5.3 Codes & Standards
10.5.4 Codes and Standards for Fuel Cell Manufacturers

10.5.5 Codes and Standards for the Installation of Fuel Cells
10.5.6 Codes and Standards for Fuel Cell Vehicles
10.5.7 Application Permits
10.5.8 References
10.6 FUEL CELL FIELD SITE DATA
10.6.1 Worldwide Sites
10.6.2 DoD Field Sites
10.6.3 IFC Field Units
10.6.4 FuelCell Energy
10.6.5 Siemens Westinghouse
10.7 HYDROGEN
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Hydrogen Production
10.7.3 DOE’s Hydrogen Research
10.7.4 Hydrogen Storage
10.7.5 Barriers1
10.8 THE OFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY WORK IN FUEL CELLS
10.9 RARE EARTH MINERALS

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