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Navy Electrical and Electronics Training Series – Modul 14

CONTENTS

1. Microelectronics
2. Miniature/Microminiature (2M) Repair Program and High-Reliability Soldering
3. Miniature and Microminiature Repair Procedures

INTRODUCTION
In NEETS, Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies, you learned that Thomas Edison’s discovery of thermionic emission opened the door to electronic technology. Progress was slow in the beginning, but each year brought new and more amazing discoveries. The development of vacuum tubes soon led to the simple radio. Then came more complex systems of communications. Modern systems now allow us to communicate with other parts of the world via satellite. Data is now collected from space by probes without the presence of man because of microelectronic technology. Sophisticated control systems allow us to operate equipment by remote control in hazardous situations, such as the handling of radioactive materials. We can remotely pilot aircraft from takeoff to landing. We can make course corrections to spacecraft millions of miles from Earth. Space flight, computers, and even video games would not be possible except for the advances made in microelectronics.

The most significant step in modern electronics was the development of the transistor by Bell Laboratories in 1948. This development was to solid-state electronics what the Edison Effect was to the vacuum tube. The solid-state diode and the transistor opened the door to microelectronics. MICROELECTRONICS is defined as that area of technology associated with and applied to the realization of electronic systems made of extremely small electronic parts or elements. As discussed in topic 2 of NEETS, Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies, the term microelectronics is normally associated with integrated circuits (IC). Microelectronics is often thought to include only integrated circuits. However, many other types of circuits also fall into the microelectronics category. These will be discussed in greater detail under solid-state devices later in this topic. During World War II, the need to reduce the size, weight, and power of military electronic systems became important because of the increased use of these systems. As systems became more complex, their size, weight, and power requirements rapidly increased. The increases finally reached a point that was unacceptable, especially in aircraft and for infantry personnel who carried equipment in combat. These unacceptable factors were the driving force in the development of smaller, lighter, and more efficient electronic circuit components. Such requirements continue to be important factors in the development of new systems, both for military and commercial markets. Military electronic systems, for example, continue to become more highly developed as their capability, reliability, and maintainability is increased. Progress in the development of military systems and steady advances in technology point to an everincreasing need for increased technical knowledge of microelectronics in your Navy job.

INTRODUCTION

As mentioned in topic 1, advances in the field of microelectronics are impressive. With every step forward in production development, a corresponding step forward must be made in maintenance and
repair techniques. This topic will teach you how the Navy is coping with the new technology and how personnel are trained to carry out the maintenance and repair of complex equipment. The program discussed in this topic is up to date at this time, but as industry advances, so must the capabilities of the technician. MINIATURE AND MICROMINIATURE (2M) ELECTRONIC REPAIR PROGRAM Training requirements for miniature and microminiature repair personnel were developed under guidelines established by the Chief of Naval Operations. The Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) developed a program which provides for the proper training in miniature and microminiature repair. This program, NAVSEA Miniature/Microminiature (2M) Electronic Repair, authorizes and provides proper tools and equipment and establishes a personnel certification program to maintain quality repair.
The Naval Air Systems Command has developed a similar program specifically for the aviation community. The two programs are patterned after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) high-reliability soldering studies and have few differences other than the administrative chain of command. For purposes of this topic, we will use the NAVSEA manual for reference. The 2M program covers all phases of miniature and microminiature repair. It establishes the training curriculum for repair personnel, outlines standards of workmanship, and provides guidelines for specific repairs to equipment, including the types of tools to use. This part of the program ensures high-reliability repairs by qualified technicians.

Upon satisfactory completion of a 2M training course, a technician will be CERTIFIED to perform repairs. The CERTIFICATION is issued at the level at which the technician qualifies and specifies what type of repairs the technician is permitted to perform. The two levels of qualification for technicians are MINIATURE COMPONENT REPAIR and MICROMINIATURE COMPONENT REPAIR. Miniature component repair is limited to discrete components and single- and double-sided printed circuit boards, including removal and installation of most integrated circuit devices. Microminiature component repair consists of repairs to highly complex, densely packaged, multilayer printed circuit boards. Sophisticated repair equipment is used that may include a binocular microscope. To ensure that a technician is maintaining the required qualification level, periodic evaluations are conducted. By inspecting and evaluating the technician’s work, certification teams ensure that the minimum standards for the technician’s level of qualification are met. If the standards are met, the technician is recertified; if not, the certification is withheld pending retraining and requalification. This portion of the program ensures the high-quality, high-reliability repairs needed to meet operational requirements.

INTRODUCTION

As you progress in your training as a technician, you will find that the skill and knowledge levels required to maintain electronic systems become more demanding. The increased use of miniature and microminiature electronic circuits, circuit complexity, and new manufacturing techniques will make your
job more challenging. To maintain and repair equipment effectively, you will have to duplicate with limited facilities what was accomplished in the factory with extensive facilities. Printed circuit boards that were manufactured completely by machine will have to be repaired by hand. To meet the needs for repairing the full range of electronic equipment, you must be properly trained. You must be capable of performing high-quality, reliable repairs to the latest circuitry.

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