File : pdf, 2.31 MB, 101 pages
TOC
CHAPT 1 INTRODUCTION
Background
Scope
CHAPT 2 PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Theory and Discussion
CHAPT 3 HYDROXIDE PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroxide Precipitation
Hydroxide Precipitation Using Lime
Hydroxide Precipitation Using Caustic Soda
Hydroxide Precipitation Using Magnesium Oxide
Process Performance
CHAPT 4 SULFIDE PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sulfide Precipitation
Soluble Sulfide Precipitation (SSP)
Insoluble Sulfide Precipitation
Calcium Sulfide Precipitation
CHAPT 5 CARBONATE PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Carbonate Precipitation
Carbonate Precipitation Using Calcium Carbonate
Carbonate Precipitation Using Sodium Carbonate
CHAPT 6 OTHER PRECIPITATION
Introduction
Xanthate Precipitation
Combined Precipitation
CHAPT 7 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Introduction
Theory and Discussion
CHAPT 8 COAGULANTS, POLYELECTROLYTES, AND COAGULANT AIDS
Introduction
Inorganic Coagulants
Polyelectrolytes
Polyelectrolytes vs. Inorganic Coagulants
Coagulant Aids
Chapt 9 MIXING—GENERAL DISCUSSION AND THEORY
Introduction
Rapid Mixing
Rapid Mixing Vessel Considerations
Flucculation Mixing/Agitation
Chapt 10 TREATABILITY TESTING
Introduction
Determination of Optimum pH Level
Determination of Coagulant and Coagulant Aid Dosage Rates
Determination of Settling Rates
Determination of Sludge Characteristics
Oxidation Considerations (Iron and Manganese Removal)
Chapt 11 PRE-TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
Flow Equalization
Oil and Grease Removal
Chromium Reduction
Cyanide Destruction
Complexing/Chelating Agent Removal
Chapt 12 EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
Equalization Tank/System
pH Control System
Tank/Reactors
Rapid Mixers
Flocculators/Agitators
Chemical Feed Equipment
Sludge Dewatering Equipment
Miscellaneous Equipment
Chapt 13 P/C/F SYSTEM COSTS, STARTUP, AND OPERATIONS
Introduction
System Costs
Pre-Startup Checkouts
Pre-Startup Testing
Startup
Field Training
Shutdown
Operation and Maintenance Manual Updates
Operation
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[...] 5 Solution Equilibria: Acid and Bases 5-1 Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 5-2 Ionization of Water and the pH Scale 5-3 Strong and Weak Acids 5-4 Strong and Weak Bases 5-5 Solutions of Strong Acids and Bases: Neutralization and Titration Titration and Titration Curves 5-6 Equilibria with Weak Acids and Bases Indicators Contribution to [H+] from Dissociation of Water 5-7 Weak Acids and Their Salts Buffers 5-8 Salts of Weak Acids and Strong Bases; Hydrolysis 5-9 Polyprotic Acids: Acids that Liberate More than One Hydrogen Ion 5-10 Equilibria with Slightly Solube Salts Commons-Ion Effect Separation of Compounds by Precipitation [...]