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Highway Hydrology

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1  HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
1.2  HYDROLOGY OF HIGHWAY STREAM CROSSINGS
1.2.1  Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle Pertinent to Stream Crossings
1.2.2  Overview of Hydrology as Applied to Stream Crossings
1.2.3  Channelization
1.2.4  Detention Storage
1.2.5  Diversions and Dam Construction
1.2.6  Natural Disasters
1.3  GENERAL DATA REQUIREMENTS
1.4  SOLUTION METHODS
1.5  ANALYSIS VERSUS SYNTHESIS
1.5.1  A Conceptual Representation of Analysis and Synthesis
1.5.2  Examples of Analysis and Synthesis in Hydrologic Design

CHAPTER 2 RAINFALL/RUNOFF PROCESSES
2.1  PRECIPITATION
2.1.1  Forms of Precipitation
2.1.2  Types of Precipitation (by Origin)
2.1.3  Characteristics of Rainfall Events
2.1.4  Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves
2.2  HYDROLOGIC ABSTRACTIONS
2.3  CHARACTERISTICS OF RUNOFF
2.4  EFFECTS OF BASIN CHARACTERISTICS ON RUNOFF
2.4.1  Drainage Area
2.4.2  Slope
2.4.3  Hydraulic Roughness
2.4.4  Storage
2.4.5  Drainage Density
2.4.6  Channel Length
2.4.7  Antecedent Moisture Conditions
2.4.8  Urbanization
2.4.9  Other Factors
2.5  ILLUSTRATION OF THE RUNOFF PROCESS
2.5.1  Rainfall Input
2.5.2  Interception
2.5.3  Depression Storage
2.5.4  Infiltration
2.5.5  Rainfall Excess .
2.5.6  Detention Storage
2.5.7  Local Runoff
2.5.8  Outflow Hydrograph
2.6  TRAVEL TIME
2.6.1  Time of Concentration
2.6.2  Velocity Method

CHAPTER 3 HYDROLOGIC DATA
3.1  COLLECTION AND COMPILATION OF DATA
3.1.1  Site Investigations and Field Surveys
3.1.2  Sources of Other Data
3.1.2.1  Stream Flow Data
3.1.2.2  Precipitation Data
3.1.2.3  Soil Type Data
3.1.2.4  Land-Use Data
3.1.2.5  Miscellaneous Basic Data
3.2  ADEQUACY OF DATA
3.3  PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER 4 PEAK FLOW FOR GAGED SITES
4.1  RECORD LENGTH REQUIREMENTS
4.2  STATISTICAL CHARACTER OF FLOODS
4.2.1  Analysis of Annual and Partial-Duration Series
4.2.2  Detection of Nonhomogeneity in the Annual Flood Series
4.2.3  Arrangement by Geographic Location
4.2.4  Probability Concepts
4.2.5  Return Period
4.2.6  Estimation of Parameters
4.2.7  Frequency Analysis Concepts
4.2.8  Probability Distribution Functions
4.2.9  Plotting Position Formulas
4.3  STANDARD FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
4.4  INDEX ADJUSTMENT OF FLOOD RECORDS
4.5  PEAK FLOW TRANSPOSITION
4.6  RISK ASSESSMENT

CHAPTER 5 PEAK FLOW FOR UNGAGED SITES
5.1  REGIONAL REGRESSION EQUATIONS
5.2  SCS GRAPHICAL PEAK DISCHARGE METHOD
5.2.1  Runoff Depth Estimation
5.2.2  Soil Group Classification
5.2.3  Cover Complex Classification
5.2.4  Curve Number Tables
5.2.5  Estimation of CN Values for Urban Land Uses
5.2.6  Effect of Unconnected Impervious Area on Curve Numbers
5.2.7  I /P Parameter
5.2.8  Peak Discharge Estimation
5.3  RATIONAL METHOD
5.4  INDEX FLOOD METHOD
5.4.1  Procedure for Analysis
5.4.2  Other Considerations
5.5  PEAK DISCHARGE ENVELOPE CURVES

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN HYDROGRAPHS
6.1  UNIT HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
6.1.1  Assumptions
6.1.2  Unit Hydrograph Definitions
6.1.3  Convolution
6.1.4  Analysis of Unit Hydrographs
6.1.5  Derivation of a Unit Hydrograph from a Complex Storm
6.1.6  Averaging Storm-Event Unit Hydrographs
6.1.7  Unit Hydrograph Limitations
6.2  DEVELOPMENT OF A DESIGN STORM
6.3  DESIGN HYDROGRAPH SYNTHESIS
6.3.1  S-Hydrograph Method
6.3.2  Snyder Unit Hydrograph
6.3.3  SCS Unit Hydrograph
6.3.4  Rainfall Excess Determination:  SCS Method
6.4  OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER 7 HYDROGRAPH ROUTING
7.1  CHANNEL ROUTING
7.1.1  Muskingum Routing Method
7.1.2  Kinematic Wave Method
7.1.3  Muskingum-Cunge Method
7.1.4  Modified Att-Kin Method
7.1.5  Application of Routing Methods
7.2  RESERVOIR ROUTING
7.2.1  Required Functions for Storage Routing
7.2.2  The Storage-Indication Curve
7.2.3  Input Requirements for the Storage-Indication Method

7.2.4  Computational Procedure

CHAPTER 8 DETENTION POND ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
8.1  CLASSIFICATION
8.1.1  Analysis versus Synthesis
8.1.2  Planning versus Design
8.2  ESTIMATING DETENTION VOLUMES
8.2.1  The Loss-of-Natural-Storage Method
8.2.2  The Rational Formula Hydrograph Method
8.2.3  The SCS TR-55 Method
8.2.4  Actual Inflow/Estimated Release
8.3  WEIR AND ORIFICE EQUATIONS
8.3.1  Orifice Equation
8.3.2  Weir Equation
8.4  SIZING OF DETENTION BASIN OUTLET STRUCTURES
8.4.1  Single-Stage Risers
8.4.2  Two-Stage Risers
8.5  DERIVATION OF A STAGE-STORAGE-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP
8.6  DESIGN PROCEDURE

CHAPTER 9 SPECIAL TOPICS IN HYDROLOGY
9.1  WETLANDS
9.1.1  Wetland Fundamentals
9.1.2  Wetland Types
9.1.3  Hydroperiod
9.1.4  Wetland Banking
9.1.5  Models of Wetland Creation and Restoration
9.1.6  Water Budgets
9.1.7  Water Budget Application Issues
9.1.8  Example Application
9.1.9  Sensitivity Analysis
9.2  SNOWMELT
9.2.1  Fundamental Properties of Water, Snow, and Ice
9.2.2  Snowmelt Runoff
9.2.3  Snowmelt Processes
9.2.4  Snowmelt Modeling
9.3  ARID LANDS
9.3.1  Gaged Flow Analysis
9.3.2  Regression Equations for Southwestern U.S
9.3.3  Transmission Losses
9.3.4  Alluvial Fans
9.4  ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
9.4.1  Watershed Modeling
9.4.2  Geographic Information Systems
9.4.3  GIS Implementation Issues

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