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1. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1.1. Introduction
1.1.1. Importance and need of non-destructive testing
1.1.2. Basic methods for NDT of concrete structures
1.1.3. Qualification and certification
1.2. Basic manufacturing processes and defects of concrete structures
1.2.1. Types of concrete structures
1.2.2. Composition of concrete
1.2.3. Process of concrete manufacture
1.2.4. Properties of concrete and their control
1.2.5. Discontinuities and defects in concrete structures
1.2.6. Situations where NDT is an option to consider for investigation of in situ concrete
1.3. Testing of concrete
1.4. Comparison of NDT methods
1.5. Quality control

2. VISUAL INSPECTION
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Tools and equipment for visual inspection
2.3. General procedure of visual inspection
2.4. Applications of visual inspection
2.5. Sketches of typical defects found by visual inspection

3. HALF-CELL ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL METHOD
3.1. Fundamental principle
3.2. Equipment for half-cell electrical potential method
3.3. General procedure for half-cell electrical potential method
3.4. Applications of half-cell electrical potential testing method
3.5. Range and limitations of half-cell electrical potential inspection method

4. SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER TEST
4.1. Fundamental principle
4.2. Equipment for Schmidt/rebound hammer test
4.3. General procedure for Schmidt rebound hammer test
4.4. Applications of Schmidt rebound hammer test
4.5. Range and limitations of Schmidt rebound hammer test

5. CARBONATION DEPTH MEASUREMENT TEST
5.1. Fundamental principle
5.2. Equipment for carbonation depth measurement test
5.3. General procedure for carbonation depth measurement test
5.4. Range and limitations of carbonation depth measurement test

6. PERMEABILITY TEST
6.1. Fundamental principle
6.2. General procedure for permeability test
6.3. Equipment for permeability test
6.3.1. Initial surface absorption test
6.3.2. Modified Figg permeability test
6.3.3. In situ rapid chloride ion permeability test
6.4. Applications of permeability test
6.5. Range and limitations of permeability test

7. PENETRATION RESISTANCE OR WINDSOR PROBE TEST
7.1. Fundamental principle
7.2. Equipment for Windsor probe test
7.3. General procedure for Windsor probe test
7.4. Applications of Windsor probe test
7.5. Advantages and limitations of Windsor probe test

8. RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT
8.1. Fundamental principles
8.2. Equipment
8.3. General procedure
8.4. Applications

9. ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS OF TESTING CONCRETE
9.1. Fundamental principles
9.2. Equipment for electromagnetic inspection
9.3. General procedure for electromagnetic testing
9.4. Applications of electromagnetic testing method
9.5. Range and limitations of electromagnetic testing method
9.6. Work or site calibration

10. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
10.1. Fundamental principles
10.2. Equipment for radiographic testing method
10.2.1. X ray equipment
10.2.2. Gamma ray sources
10.2.3. Comparison of X ray sources and gamma ray sources
10.3. General procedure for radiographic testing method
10.4. Extracts from BS1881 Part 205
10.4.1. Radiation sources
10.4.2. Type of film
10.4.3. Lead intensifying screens
10.4.4. Cassettes
10.4.5. Calculation of geometric unsharpness
10.4.6. Calculation of source-to-film distance
10.4.7. Calculation of exposure time
10.4.8. Alignment of the beam
10.4.9. Overlap of film
10.4.10. Image quality
10.5. Radiation protection in industrial radiography
10.6. Applications of radiographic testing method
10.7. Radiographic application to post tensioned concrete bridges References to Section 10

11. ULTRASONIC TESTING
11.1. Pulse velocity test
11.1.1. Fundamental principle
11.1.2. Equipment for pulse velocity test
11.1.3. Applications
11.1.4. Determination of pulse velocity
11.1.5. Factors influencing pulse velocity measurements
11.1.6. Detection of defects
11.1.7. Developments in ultrasonic tomography
11.2. Ultrasound pulse echo
11.2.1. Thickness measurement of concrete slabs with one sided access
11.2.2. Post-tensioned duct inspection
11.3. Impact-echo/resonance frequency/stress wave test
11.4. Relative amplitude method
11.5. Velocity versus rebound number curves
11.5.1. Introduction
11.5.2. Procedure for drawing velocity-rebound number curves
11.5.3. Accuracy of measurement of concrete properties using velocity rebound number curves

12. INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY
12.1. Fundamental principles
12.2. Equipment for infrared thermographic method
12.3. General procedure for infrared thermographic method
12.4. Some applications of the infrared thermographic method
12.5. Advantages and limitations of infrared thermography

13. GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
13.1. Fundamental principle
13.2. Equipment for the GPR technique
13.3. Application of GPR techniques
13.4. Accuracy and interpretation of GPR
13.5. Advantages and limitations of GPR techniques
13.6. Safety advice
13.7. Examples of inspection of structures
13.7.1. Detection of underground utilities
13.7.2. Inspection of tunnel lining
13.7.3. Detection of delamination in concrete bridge decks

14. RADIOISOTOPE GAUGES
14.1. Thickness and density gauges
14.1.1. Fundamental principles
14.1.2. General procedure for thickness and density gauges
14.1.3. Equipment for thickness and density gauges
14.1.4. Applications of thickness and density gauges
14.1.5. Advantages and limitations of thickness and density gauges
14.2. Moisture gauges
14.2.1. Fundamental principles
14.2.2. Applications of moisture gauges

15. OTHER METHODS OF NDT
15.1. Acoustic emission
15.2. Computer tomography
15.3. Strain sensing
15.3.1. Mechanical gauges
15.3.2. Electrical resistance gauges
15.3.3. Acoustic gauges
15.3.4. Electrical displacement transducers
15.3.5. Other types of strain measuring devices
15.3.6. Choice of strain measuring method
15.4. Corrosion rate measurement

16. METHODS OF SURVEY
16.1. Introduction and fundamental principles
16.2. Methods and inspection technique required
16.2.1. First survey (regular inspection)
16.2.2. Second survey (specific/particular inspection)
16.2.3. Third survey
16.3. Conclusion

17. CASE STUDIES
17.1. Radar tests on concrete bridges
17.2. Building case study: quasi non-destructive structural condition assessment of self

pre-stressed reinforced concrete
17.3. Radar investigation of a pre-cast post-tensioned concrete segmental rail bridge
17.4. Flyover
17.5. Scour of riverbeds around bridge piers
17.6. Assessment of sluices

18. CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURES
18.1. General considerations
18.2. Standardization organizations and some of the standards relating to testing concrete
18.2.1. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
18.2.2. British Standards Institution (BSI)
18.2.3. German Standards Institution (Deutsches Institut fur Normung) (DIN)
18.2.4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
18.2.5. Australian Standards International
18.2.6. American Concrete Institute
18.2.7. DGZfP Recommendations: (German Society for Nondestructive Testing)
18.2.8. Japanese Society for Non destructive Inspection
18.2.9. Japan Concrete Institute (JCI)

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