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Rotorcraft Flying Handbook

File : pdf, 17 MB, 207 pages
by FAA, US Dept of Transportation

TOC

HELICOPTER

Chapter 1—Introduction to the Helicopter
The Main Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Semirigid Rotor System
Rigid Rotor System
Antitorque Systems
Tail Rotor
Fenestron
Landing Gear
Flight Controls

Chapter 2—General Aerodynamics
Airfoil
Relative Wind
Blade Pitch Angle
Angle of Attack
Lift
Magnus Effect
Bernoulli’s Principle
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Weight
Thrust
Drag

Chapter 3—Aerodynamics of Flight
Powered Flight
Hovering Flight
Translating Tendency or Drift
Pendular Action
Coriolis Effect (Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum)
Gyroscopic Precession
Translational Lift
Induced Flow
Transverse Flow Effect
Dissymmetry of Lift
Turning Flight
Autorotation

Chapter 4—Helicopter Flight Controls
Collective Pitch Control
Throttle Control
Collective Pitch / Throttle Coordination
Correlator / Governor
Cyclic Pitch Control
Antitorque Pedals
Heading Control

Chapter 5—Helicopter Systems
Engines
Reciprocating Engine
Transmission System
Main Rotor Transmission
Tail Rotor Drive System
Clutch
Freewheeling Unit
Main Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Semirigid Rotor System
Rigid Rotor System
Combination Rotor Systems
Swash Plate Assembly
Fuel Systems
Fuel Supply System
Engine Fuel Control System
Carburetor
Fuel Injection
Turbine Engines
Electrical Systems
Hydraulics
Stability Augmentations Systems
Autopilot
Environmental Systems
Anti-Icing Systems

Chapter 6—Rotorcraft Flight Manual (Helicopter)
Preliminary Pages
General Information
Operating Limitations
Emergency Procedures
Normal Procedures
Weight and Balance
Aircraft and Systems Description
Handling, Servicing, and Maintenance
Safety and Operational Tips

Chapter 7—Weight and Balance
Weight
Basic Empty Weight
Useful Load
Payload
Gross Weight
Maximum Gross Weight
Weight Limitations
Determining Empty Weight
Center of Gravity
Lateral Balance
Weight and Balance Calculations
Center of Gravity Computation
Weight and Balance Methods
Computational Method
Loading Chart Method
Combination Method
Calculating Lateral CG

Chapter 8—Performance
Factors Affecting Performance
Density Altitude
Atmospheric Pressure
Altitude
Temperature
Moisture (Humidity)
High and Low Density Altitude Conditions
Weight
Performance Charts
Hovering Performance
Climb Performance

Chapter 9—Basic Flight Maneuvers
Preflight
Minimum Equipment Lists (MELS) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
Engine Start and Rotor Engagement
Rotor Safety Considerations
Safety In and Around Helicopters
Vertical Takeoff to a Hover
Hovering
Taxiing
Normal Takeoff From a Hover
Normal Takeoff From the Surface
Crosswind Considerations During Takeoffs
Straight-and-Level Flight
Turns
Normal Climb
Normal Descent
Ground Reference Maneuvers
Traffic Patterns
Crosswind During Approaches
Go-Around
After Landing and Securing
Noise Abatement Procedures

Chapter 10—Advanced Maneuvers
Reconnaissance Procedures
High Reconnaissance
Low Reconnaissance
Ground Reconnaissance
Maximum Performance Takeoff
Running/Rolling Takeoff
Rapid Deceleration (Quick Stop)
Steep Approach to a Hover
Shallow Approach and Running/Roll-On Landing
Slope Operations
Slope Landing
Slope Takeoff
Confined Area Operations
Approach
Pinnacle and Ridgeline Operations
Approach and Landing

Chapter 11—Helicopter Emergencies
Autorotation
Straight-in Autorotation
Power Recovery From Practice
Autorotation
Autorotation With Turns
Power Failure in a Hover
Height/Velocity Diagram
Vortex Ring State (Settling With Power)
Retreating Blade Stall
Ground Resonance
Dynamic Rollover
Low G Conditions and Mast Bumping
Low Rotor RPM and Blade Stall
Recovery From Low Rotor RPM
Systems Malfunctions
Antitorque System Failure
Main Rotor Disc Interference (285-315°)
Weathercock Stability (120-240°)
Tail Rotor Vortex Ring State (210-330°)
Main Drive Shaft Failure
Abnormal Vibrations
Flight Diversion
Lost Procedures
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Chapter 12—Attitude Instrument Flying
Flight Instruments
Pitot-Static Instruments
Vertical Speed Indicator
Gyroscopic Instruments
Magnetic Compass
Instrument Flight
Instrument Cross-Check
Instrument Interpretation
Aircraft Control
Straight-and-Level Flight
Straight Climbs (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
Straight Descents (Constant Airspeed and Constant Rate)
Unusual Attitudes
Autorotations
Instrument Takeoff

Chapter 13—Night Operations
Night Flight Physiology
Vision in Flight
The Eye
Cones
Rods
Night Vision
Night Scanning
Aircraft Lighting
Visual Illusions
Night Flight
Collision Avoidance at Night
Approach and Landing

Chapter 14—Aeronautical Decision Making
Origins of ADM Training
The Decision-Making Process
Risk Management
Factors Affecting Decision Making
Pilot Self-Assessment
Recognizing Hazardous Attitudes
Stress management
Use of Resources
Workload Management
Situational Awareness

GYROPLANE

Chapter 15—Introduction to the Gyroplane
Types of Gyroplanes
Components
Airframe
Powerplant
Rotor System
Tail Surfaces
Landing Gear
Wings

Chapter 16—Aerodynamics of the Gyroplane
Autorotation
Vertical Autorotation
Rotor Disc Regions
Autorotation in Forward Flight
Rotor Force
Thrust
Stability
Horizontal Stabilizer
Fuselage Drag (Center of Pressure)
Pitch Inertia
Propeller Thrust Line
Rotor Force
Trimmed Condition

Chapter 17—Gyroplane Flight Controls
Cyclic Control
Throttle
Rudder
Horizontal Tail Surfaces
Collective Control

Chapter 18—Gyroplane Systems
Propulsion Systems
Rotor Systems
Semirigid Rotor System
Fully Articulated Rotor System
Prerotator
Mechanical Prerotator
Hydraulic Prerotator
Electric Prerotator
Tip Jets
Instrumentation
Engine Instruments
Rotor Tachometer
Slip/Skid Indicator
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
IFR Flight Instrumentation
Ground Handling

Chapter 19—Rotorcraft Flight Manual
(Gyroplane)
Using the Flight Manual
Weight and Balance Section
Performance Section
Height/Velocity Diagram
Emergency Section
Hang Test

Chapter 20—Flight Operations
Preflight
Engine Starting
Taxiing
Before Takeoff
Takeoff
Short-Field Takeoff
High-Altitude Takeoff
Soft-Field Takeoff
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Straight-and-Level Flight
Climbs
Descents
Turns
Steep Turns
Ground Reference Maneuvers
Flight at Slow Airspeeds
High Rate of Descent
Landings
After Landing and Securing

Chapter 21—Gyroplane Emergencies
Aborted Takeoff
Accelerate/Stop Distance
Lift-off at Low Airspeed and High Angle of Attack
Common Errors
Pilot-Induced Oscillation (PIO)
Buntover (Power Pushover)
Ground Resonance
Emergency Approach and Landing
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Chapter 22—Gyroplane Aeronautical Decision
Making
Impulsivity
Invulnerability
Macho
Resignation
Anti-Authority

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