Highways in the River Environment
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TOC
Chapter 1 : Introduction
1.1 Classification of River Crossings and Encroachments
1.1.1 Types of Encroachment
1.1.2 Geometry of Bridge Crossings
1.2 Dynamics of Natural Rivers and Their Tributaries
1.2.1 Historical Evidence of the Natural Instability of Fluvial Systems
1.2.2 Introduction to River Hydraulics and River Response
1.3 Effects of Highway Construction on River Systems
1.4 The Effects of River Development on Highway Encroachments
1.5 Technical Aspects
1.6 Future Technical Trends
Chapter 2 : Open Channel Flow Part I
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Definitions
2.2 Basic Principles
2.2.5 Hydrostatics
2.3 Steady Uniform Flow
2.3.1 Shear Stress and Velocity Distribution
2.3.2 Empirical Velocity Equations
2.3.3 Average Boundary Shear Stress
2.3.4 Energy and Momentum Coefficients for Rivers
2.4 Unsteady Flow
Chapter 2 : Open Channel Flow Part II
2.5 Steady Rapidly Varying Flow
2.6 Flow in Bends and Transitions
2.7 Gradually Varied Flow
2.7.3 Standard Step Method for the Computation of Water Surface Profiles
2.8 Hydraulics of Bridge Waterways
2.9 Hydraulics of Culvert Flow
2.10 Roadway Overtopping and Low Water Stream Crossings
Chapter 3 : Fundamentals of Alluvial Channel Flow
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sediment Properties and Measurement Techniques
3.3 Flow in Sandbed Channels
3.4 Resistance to Flow in Alluvial Channels
3.5 Beginning of Motion
3.6 Sediment Transport
3.6.1 Terminology
3.6.2 General Considerations
3.6.3 Source of Sediment Transport
3.6.4 Mode of Sediment Transport
3.6.5 Total Sediment Discharge
3.6.6 Suspended Bed Sediment Discharge
3.6.7 Meyer-Peter Muller Equation
3.6.8 Einstein’s Method
3.6.9 Colby’s Method of Estimating Total Bed Sediment Discharge
3.6.10 Comparison of the Meyer-Peter, Muller and Einstein Contact Load Equations
3.6.11 Power Relationships
3.6.12 Relative Influence of Variables on Bed Material and Water Discharge
3.7 Sediment Problems at Bridge Openings and Culverts
3.7.1 Sediment Transport in Coarse Material Channels
3.7.2 Sediment Transport at Bridge Openings
3.7.3 Sediment Transport in Culverts
Chapter 4 : River Morphology and River Response
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fluvial Cycles and Processes
4.3 Stream Form
4.4 Geometry of Alluvial Channels
4.4.1 Hydraulic Geometry of Alluvial Channels
4.4.2 Dominant Discharge in Alluvial Rivers
4.4.3 The River Profile and Its Bed Material
4.4.4 River Conditions for Meandering and Braiding
4.5 Qualitative Response of River Systems
4.6 Modeling of River Systems
4.7 Highway Problems Related to Gradation Changes
4.7.1 Changes Due to Man’s Activities
4.7.2 Natural Causes
4.7.3 Resulting Problems at Highway Crossings
4.8 Stream Stability Problems at Highway Crossings
4.8.1 Bank Stability
4.8.2 Stability Problems Associated with Channel Relocation
4.8.3 Assessment of Stability for Relocated Streams
4.8.4 Estimation of Future Channel Stability and Behavior
Chapter 5 : River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour Part I
5.1 Stream Bank Erosion
5.1.1 Causes of Streambank Failure
5.1.2 Bed and Bank Material
5.1.3 Subsurface Flow
5.1.4 Piping of River Banks
5.1.5 Mass Wasting
5.1.6 River Training and Stabilization
5.2 Riprap Size and Stability Analysis
5.2.1 Stability Factors for Riprap
5.2.2 Simplified Design Aid for Side Slope Riprap
5.2.3 Velocity Method for Riprap Design
5.2.4 Riprap Design on Abutments
5.2.5 Riprap Gradation and Placement
5.2.6 Filters for Riprap
5.2.7 Riprap Failure and Protection
Chapter 5 : River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour Part II
5.3 Bank Protection Other Than Riprap
5.4 Flow Control Structures
5.4.1 Spurs
5.4.2 Hardpoints
5.4.3 Retards
5.4.4 Dikes
5.4.5 Jetties
5.4.6 Fencing
5.4.7 Guidebanks
5.4.8 Drop Structures
Chapter 5 : River Stabilization, Bank Protection and Scour Part III
5.5 Bridge Scour
5.6 Environmental Considerations
5.6.1 Environmental Impacts
5.6.2 Effects of Channelization on the Aquatic Life of Streams
5.7 Guidlines for Channel Improvement, River Training and Bank Stabilization
Chapter 6 : Data Needs and Data Sources
6.1 Basic Data Needs
6.1.1 Area Maps
6.1.2 Vicinity Maps
6.1.3 Site Maps
6.1.4 Aerial and Other Photographs
6.1.5 Field Inspection
6.1.6 Geologic Map
6.1.7 Climatologic Data
6.1.8 Hydraulic Data
6.1.9 Hydrologic Data
6.1.10 Environmental Data
6.2 Checklist of Data Needs
6.3 Data Sources
6.4 Computerized Literature and Data Search
6.5 Expert Systems
Chapter 7 : Design Considerations for Highway Encroachment and River
Crossings Part I
7.1 Intoduction
7.2 Principal Factors to be Considered in Design
7.2.1 Types of Rivers
7.2.2 Location of the Crossing or the Longitudinal Encroachment
7.2.3 River Characteristics
7.2.4 River Geometry
7.2.5 Hydrologic Data
7.2.6 Hydraulic Data
7.2.7 Characteristics of the Watershed Feeding the River System
7.2.8 Flow Alignment
7.2.9 Flow on the Floodplain
7.2.10 Site Selection
7.2.11 Channel Stability Investigations
7.2.12 Short-Term Response
7.2.13 Long-Term Response
7.3 Procedure for Evaluation and Design of River Crossings and Encroachments
7.4 Conceptual Examples
Chapter 7 : Design Considerations for Highway Encroachment and River
Crossings Part II
7.5 Practical Examples of River Encroachments
7.6 Overview Example Application 1
Chapter 7 : Design Considerations for Highway Encroachment and River
Crossings Part III
7.9 Overview Example Application 4
7.9.1 General Situation
7.9.2 Hydrology
7.9.3 Hydraulics
7.9.4 Spatial Design and Channel Geometry
7.9.5 Bed Material Size Distribution
7.9.6 Existing Bridges and Other Hydraulic Structures
7.9.7 Riparian Vegetation Information
7.9.8 Resistance to Flow
7.9.9 Sediment Transport Rates
7.9.10 Qualitative Geomorphic Analysis – Level One
7.9.11 Engineering Geomorphology – Level Two
7.9.12 Sediment Routing 100 Year Flood – Level Three
7.9.13 Results of Analysis
7.10 Overview Example Application 5
7.11 Concluding Remarks
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