Landfill Off-gas Collection and Treatment Systems
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TOC
Chapter 1. Introduction
References Background Reasons for Landfill Gas Control
Gas Generation Mechanisms
Biological Decomposition
Chemical Reactions
Factors Affecting LFG Generation
Waste Composition, Temperature, Moisture, pH
Atmospheric Conditions
Density of the Waste, Age of Waste
Transport Mechanisms
Diffusion, Advection
Factors Affecting LFG Transport Mechanisms
Permeability, Geologic Conditions, Depth to Ground Water, Man-Made Features
Landfill Cover and Liner Systems, Barometric Pressure
LFG Characteristics
Density and Viscosity, Heat Value Content
Non-Methane Organic Compounds, Water Vapor, LFG Condensate
Source of Landfill Gas Condensate
Condensate Quality
Chapter 2. Requirements
Site Characterization and Estimation of Landfill Gas Emissions
General
Landfill Characteristics
Hydrogeologic Conditions
Ambient Air Quality
Gas Monitoring Probes
Monitoring Gases in Structures
Soil Gas Surveys
Pump Tests
Analytical Methods
Data Analysis
Estimation of LFG Emissions
LandGEM
Theoretical Models
Regression Model
Chapter 3. Design of Landfill Off-Gas Collection Systems
General Methods of Gas Collection
Wells Blanket Collection Systems
Trenches
Gas Monitoring Probes
Monitoring Devices for Structures
Cover Penetrations
Header Piping
Valves
Well Heads Flow Rate Measurement
Orifice Plate
Pitot Tube
Header System Layout
Subsurface Losses
Pipe Losses
Losses in Valves and Fittings
Losses at Flare Station
System Analyses
Simplified Pneumatic Design Procedure
Condensate Collection
Design Procedures for Passive Collection Systems
Passive Blanket Collection Systems
Design Considerations for Passive Well Collection Systems
Design Procedures for Active Well Collection Systems
Chapter 4. Design of Landfill Off-Gas Treatment Systems
Introduction Structure Blower Centrifugal Blowers
Rotary Lobe Blowers
Blower Summary
LFG Energy Recovery Systems
Flares
Condensate Collection Equipment
Auxiliary Fuel
Flame Arrestor
Flow Metering
Piping and Valves
Electrical Design Requirements
Automation of Controls
Other Design Considerations
Site Working Areas
Utilities
Emergency Power
Water, Fencing, Lighting, Labor Requirements, System Safety
Chapter 5. Operation and Maintenance
Introduction
Extraction Wells
Composition of Air
Monitoring
Balancing Techniques
Primary Well Field Monitoring
Perimeter LFG Migration Control
Barometric Pressure
Leachate Blockage of Extraction Wells
Landfill Fires
Vertical Profiling
Inspection and Maintenance
Gas Monitoring Probes
Monitoring Procedures
In-probe Acceptable Levels
Monitoring Frequency
Enclosed Structure Monitoring
Surface Emission Monitoring
LFG Monitoring Equipment
Combustible Gas Indicator/Thermal Conductivity Method
Flame Ionization Detector (FID)/Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA)
Infra-Red (IR) Analyzer
Condensate Collection and Treatment
Flare Station
Maintenance Requirements
Routine Maintenance
Non-Routine Maintenance
Emergency Services
Equipment Calibration
System Adjustments Based on Monitoring Data
Record Keeping and Contingency Plan
Chapter 6. Regulatory Requirements
Introduction
Summary of Applicable Regulations
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Regulations
Clean Air Act (CAA) Regulations
Clean Water Act (CWA) Regulations
State and Local Regulations
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